20100206
A Student Who Silenced the World in 5 minutes
A student spoke before an international convention about the ill-effects of environmental degradation. The kid schooled delegates from all over the world on this particular issue. Hope you all join the student's crusade for a brighter tomorrow.
20100205
Sorenson's Game (Math)
by Andrew Daugherty
High Tech High, San Diego CA
Our casino game is based off of Craps. Our game is a dice game played with two dice. A bet is placed and the player rolls two dice, and the outcome determines if they win or not.
There are twelve options for a player to bet on, these include individual number bets on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The chances of rolling a 4 are 1 in 12, with the possibility of rolling a 3-1, a 1-3 and a 2-2. Those are the same odds as rolling a ten, with combinations of 6-4, 4-6 and 5-5. Since there is a 1 in 12 shot of getting either of these rolls this will be the highest payout of any of the bets since there is such a low chance of rolling these. The chances of rolling a 5 are 1 in 9, with possibilities of rolling 3-2, 2-3, 4-1 and 1-4. Those are the same odds as rolling a 9, with combinations of 6-3, 3-6, 5-4 and 4-5. The payout for these will be a lower percentage since there is a higher shot at rolling 5 or 9. The chances or rolling a 6 are 5 in 36, with possibillities of rolling 5-1, 1-5, 4-2, 2-4, and 3-3. There is the same chance of rolling a 8 with combinations of 6-2, 2-6, 5-3, 3-5 and 4-4.
The payout for these will be less still because there is nearly a 1 in 6 chance of winning, so the payout for rolling either of these is will be 1:5 And then there is a very high chance of rolling a 7, 1 in 6, with combinations of 4-3, 3-4, 5-2, 2-5, 6-1 and 1-6. Since there is a 1 in 6 chance of rolling 7 the payout will only be 1:4. Then there are bets that are not on single numbers, but about multiple rolls. There is a bet of rolling a double. There is a 1 in 6 chance of rolling a double, but we can't payout that high. So the payout for this will be 1:4. There are bets to roll even numbers 4 through 10 and odd numbers 5 through 9. These are a lot higher than any individual number to get, so the payout is higher. The probability of rolling either a 4, 6, 8 or 10 is 16 in 36, which is nearly one half. The payout for this will be 2:1. The chances of rolling a 5, 7 or 9 is 14 in 36 and there will be the same payout as the even number. We can convince our customers they are the same ratio because a 7 is the most common single rolls. The final two bets are odd and even 3 through 11. There is a 5/12 chance of each of these, so the payout will be 1:1.5, our lowest payout total.
High Tech High, San Diego CA
Our casino game is based off of Craps. Our game is a dice game played with two dice. A bet is placed and the player rolls two dice, and the outcome determines if they win or not.
There are twelve options for a player to bet on, these include individual number bets on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The chances of rolling a 4 are 1 in 12, with the possibility of rolling a 3-1, a 1-3 and a 2-2. Those are the same odds as rolling a ten, with combinations of 6-4, 4-6 and 5-5. Since there is a 1 in 12 shot of getting either of these rolls this will be the highest payout of any of the bets since there is such a low chance of rolling these. The chances of rolling a 5 are 1 in 9, with possibilities of rolling 3-2, 2-3, 4-1 and 1-4. Those are the same odds as rolling a 9, with combinations of 6-3, 3-6, 5-4 and 4-5. The payout for these will be a lower percentage since there is a higher shot at rolling 5 or 9. The chances or rolling a 6 are 5 in 36, with possibillities of rolling 5-1, 1-5, 4-2, 2-4, and 3-3. There is the same chance of rolling a 8 with combinations of 6-2, 2-6, 5-3, 3-5 and 4-4.
The payout for these will be less still because there is nearly a 1 in 6 chance of winning, so the payout for rolling either of these is will be 1:5 And then there is a very high chance of rolling a 7, 1 in 6, with combinations of 4-3, 3-4, 5-2, 2-5, 6-1 and 1-6. Since there is a 1 in 6 chance of rolling 7 the payout will only be 1:4. Then there are bets that are not on single numbers, but about multiple rolls. There is a bet of rolling a double. There is a 1 in 6 chance of rolling a double, but we can't payout that high. So the payout for this will be 1:4. There are bets to roll even numbers 4 through 10 and odd numbers 5 through 9. These are a lot higher than any individual number to get, so the payout is higher. The probability of rolling either a 4, 6, 8 or 10 is 16 in 36, which is nearly one half. The payout for this will be 2:1. The chances of rolling a 5, 7 or 9 is 14 in 36 and there will be the same payout as the even number. We can convince our customers they are the same ratio because a 7 is the most common single rolls. The final two bets are odd and even 3 through 11. There is a 5/12 chance of each of these, so the payout will be 1:1.5, our lowest payout total.
20100204
Car Accident
Kim and Janet played by two Bethel High School students from Vallejo CA are discussing about their recent car accident. From one of the pieces of writer Roger Karshner.
20100202
Diplomacy and Cross Border Security
Diplomacy and Cross Border Security
By Margaret S. Jackson
Living as I do on the border with Canada, I've had the opportunity to visit the country often. Each time, crossing the border was much the same. My family and I would be asked a few standard questions and soon be on our way. If the customs agent were to catch a glimpse of my hockey equipment poking out the back seat, we would be waved through with little more than a knowing smile. Border crossings had become much like passing into another state; a formality, though with the opportunity to ask for directions. After the attacks on September 11th, this all changed. Crossing the border now involved long lines, numerous questions (and ID's), and an often icy welcome.
While this may be nothing more than a temporary inconvenience for the majority of travelers, for many it poses a serious threat. Cross border tourism, a major economic force, has suffered, and the number of people crossing the border has only recently returned to pre-September 11 levels (Stat. Canada). But the expanded security measures have not only deterred travelers. Large and small businesses alike are impacted by the new guidelines, as both workers and shipments are slowed, if not stopped.
This problem is illustrated at the border crossing in the small town of St. Pamphille, Quebec. The lumber industry is the heart of the local economy, with mills located in St. Pamphille and numerous lumber contractors in nearby Maine. In order to get around the border station's operating hours (it closes at 2 p.m. weekdays and is not open on weekends), the U.S. government traditionally distributed special passes to allow people and goods to cross when the station was closed. The passes are being canceled in May, with no options in sight for those who depend on an open border to operate their businesses and to travel from home to work (CBC).
The American government understands the impact of these problems on the traditionally friendly relationship between the U.S. and Canada, and has already implemented numerous programs to help make border crossings both safer and easier. Officers of the Foreign Service have played a major role in the negotiation and administration of these pieces of legislation, and continue to be involved today. Their hard work has been crucial in the development of these new security measures, for if any changes in border security are to be effective, Canada needs to be our full partner in the endeavor. This is where Foreign Service officers come into play. Negotiating with transportation and security officials, they have brought about cooperation and understanding on a number of issues, spurring the creation of multiple initiatives.
One of these joint programs is NEXUS. Developed in conjunction with numerous agencies in both the U.S. and Canada, prescreened travelers will be able to pass through border crossings more easily, needing only to present a membership card and a declaration (United States, Low Risk). With NEXUS, not only will frequent travelers have an easier time crossing the border, but U.S. and Canadian customs officials can spend more time focusing on potential threats. The NEXUS program is currently in effect at only six border crossings, although it will be extended to all high traffic crossings by the end of 2003 (United States, Low Risk).
The Smart Border Declaration and Associated 30 Point Action Plan are another example of effective security measures brought about through the cooperation of the two nations. The Declaration has four 'pillars': The Secure Flow of People, The Secure Flow of Goods, Secure Infrastructure, and Information Sharing (United States, 30 Point Plan). These plans united U.S. and Canadian law enforcement and security agencies like never before, allowing for both the quick flow of information and heightened security in both countries. Members of the Foreign Service have been charged with keeping government officials up-to-date on all developments relating to the Declaration. This means that Foreign Service officers will be helping to supply the essential information and analysis needed to keep both nations secure, while maintaining their historically friendly relations.
On December 5, 2002, Secretary of State Colin Powell signed an agreement to establish a new bi-national planning group at NORAD headquarters in Colorado Springs (United States, Military). Drawing on the information gleaned from intelligence centers as described in the Smart Border Declaration and 30 Point Plan, among others, it will prepare responses to attacks and threats on both Canadian and American soil.
State Department documents call Canada's cooperation "excellent," and state that Canada "stands as a model of how the U.S. and another nation can work together on terrorism issues" (United States, Fighting Terrorism). At a meeting of the Canadian Defense Industries Association, U.S. Ambassador to Canada Paul Cellucci remarked that "There is a lot of work left to do, but we're off to a good start, thanks to recognition on both sides of the border that we share common goals and a common threat" (CDIA).
Border wait times are longer, businesses are suffering, and the days of being allowed to pass through border stations brandishing only a hockey bag and a smile are long gone. However, all of these problems can and will be overcome. The governments of the U.S. and Canada worked quickly to seal the gaps in border security after September 11th. Now the continued security of both nations rides on information, analysis and diplomacy. Both nations are committed to this endeavor, and the Foreign Service will play no small role in seeing it through.
Works Consulted:
Canadian Defense Industries Association. Ambassador Cellucci's Remarks. 24 Feb. 2003.
CBC News. Border Towns Worried By Tightening Policies. 2 Feb. 2003.
Government of Newfoundland. Minister Meets With Ambassador Paul Cellucci. 2 Feb 2003.
http://www.gov.nf.ca/releases/2001/exec/1113n06.htm
Statistics Canada. Dept. of State. Did You Know? Basic Facts About Canada-U.S. Trade. 20 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. Fact Sheet: White House Outlines Program for Low Risk Travelers at U.S. - Canada Border. 24 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. Fighting Terrorism. 25 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. U.S., Canada Establish Bi-National Military Planning Group. 20 Feb. 2003
United States. Dept. of State. U.S. - Canada Smart Border/30 Point Action Plan Update. 20 Feb. 2003.
United States. INS. Public Information Sheet On National Security Entry Exit Registration System. 20 Feb. 2003. http://www.usembassycanada.gov/content/content.asp?section=travel&document=nseers_092602
By Margaret S. Jackson
Living as I do on the border with Canada, I've had the opportunity to visit the country often. Each time, crossing the border was much the same. My family and I would be asked a few standard questions and soon be on our way. If the customs agent were to catch a glimpse of my hockey equipment poking out the back seat, we would be waved through with little more than a knowing smile. Border crossings had become much like passing into another state; a formality, though with the opportunity to ask for directions. After the attacks on September 11th, this all changed. Crossing the border now involved long lines, numerous questions (and ID's), and an often icy welcome.
While this may be nothing more than a temporary inconvenience for the majority of travelers, for many it poses a serious threat. Cross border tourism, a major economic force, has suffered, and the number of people crossing the border has only recently returned to pre-September 11 levels (Stat. Canada). But the expanded security measures have not only deterred travelers. Large and small businesses alike are impacted by the new guidelines, as both workers and shipments are slowed, if not stopped.
This problem is illustrated at the border crossing in the small town of St. Pamphille, Quebec. The lumber industry is the heart of the local economy, with mills located in St. Pamphille and numerous lumber contractors in nearby Maine. In order to get around the border station's operating hours (it closes at 2 p.m. weekdays and is not open on weekends), the U.S. government traditionally distributed special passes to allow people and goods to cross when the station was closed. The passes are being canceled in May, with no options in sight for those who depend on an open border to operate their businesses and to travel from home to work (CBC).
The American government understands the impact of these problems on the traditionally friendly relationship between the U.S. and Canada, and has already implemented numerous programs to help make border crossings both safer and easier. Officers of the Foreign Service have played a major role in the negotiation and administration of these pieces of legislation, and continue to be involved today. Their hard work has been crucial in the development of these new security measures, for if any changes in border security are to be effective, Canada needs to be our full partner in the endeavor. This is where Foreign Service officers come into play. Negotiating with transportation and security officials, they have brought about cooperation and understanding on a number of issues, spurring the creation of multiple initiatives.
One of these joint programs is NEXUS. Developed in conjunction with numerous agencies in both the U.S. and Canada, prescreened travelers will be able to pass through border crossings more easily, needing only to present a membership card and a declaration (United States, Low Risk). With NEXUS, not only will frequent travelers have an easier time crossing the border, but U.S. and Canadian customs officials can spend more time focusing on potential threats. The NEXUS program is currently in effect at only six border crossings, although it will be extended to all high traffic crossings by the end of 2003 (United States, Low Risk).
The Smart Border Declaration and Associated 30 Point Action Plan are another example of effective security measures brought about through the cooperation of the two nations. The Declaration has four 'pillars': The Secure Flow of People, The Secure Flow of Goods, Secure Infrastructure, and Information Sharing (United States, 30 Point Plan). These plans united U.S. and Canadian law enforcement and security agencies like never before, allowing for both the quick flow of information and heightened security in both countries. Members of the Foreign Service have been charged with keeping government officials up-to-date on all developments relating to the Declaration. This means that Foreign Service officers will be helping to supply the essential information and analysis needed to keep both nations secure, while maintaining their historically friendly relations.
On December 5, 2002, Secretary of State Colin Powell signed an agreement to establish a new bi-national planning group at NORAD headquarters in Colorado Springs (United States, Military). Drawing on the information gleaned from intelligence centers as described in the Smart Border Declaration and 30 Point Plan, among others, it will prepare responses to attacks and threats on both Canadian and American soil.
State Department documents call Canada's cooperation "excellent," and state that Canada "stands as a model of how the U.S. and another nation can work together on terrorism issues" (United States, Fighting Terrorism). At a meeting of the Canadian Defense Industries Association, U.S. Ambassador to Canada Paul Cellucci remarked that "There is a lot of work left to do, but we're off to a good start, thanks to recognition on both sides of the border that we share common goals and a common threat" (CDIA).
Border wait times are longer, businesses are suffering, and the days of being allowed to pass through border stations brandishing only a hockey bag and a smile are long gone. However, all of these problems can and will be overcome. The governments of the U.S. and Canada worked quickly to seal the gaps in border security after September 11th. Now the continued security of both nations rides on information, analysis and diplomacy. Both nations are committed to this endeavor, and the Foreign Service will play no small role in seeing it through.
Works Consulted:
Canadian Defense Industries Association. Ambassador Cellucci's Remarks. 24 Feb. 2003.
CBC News. Border Towns Worried By Tightening Policies. 2 Feb. 2003.
Government of Newfoundland. Minister Meets With Ambassador Paul Cellucci. 2 Feb 2003.
http://www.gov.nf.ca/releases/2001/exec/1113n06.htm
Statistics Canada. Dept. of State. Did You Know? Basic Facts About Canada-U.S. Trade. 20 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. Fact Sheet: White House Outlines Program for Low Risk Travelers at U.S. - Canada Border. 24 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. Fighting Terrorism. 25 Feb. 2003.
United States. Dept. of State. U.S., Canada Establish Bi-National Military Planning Group. 20 Feb. 2003
United States. Dept. of State. U.S. - Canada Smart Border/30 Point Action Plan Update. 20 Feb. 2003.
United States. INS. Public Information Sheet On National Security Entry Exit Registration System. 20 Feb. 2003. http://www.usembassycanada.gov/content/content.asp?section=travel&document=nseers_092602
20100201
Controlling Russian Weapons of Mass Destruction: 21st Century Solutions to a 20th Century Problem
By Andrew Rohrbach
Virginia, USA
For over fifty years, the focal point of American foreign policy was our relationship with the Soviet Union. United States actions in most key areas centered on countering the Soviets. Priorities have changed dramatically as a result of the fall of the iron curtain and the events of September 11th. The attention of the American Foreign Service has shifted to fighting terrorism, and the Middle East has received increased attention. However, America continues to have a major interest in an issue left over from the Cold War-era: the control of weapons of mass destruction. Russia and the former Soviet states have tens of thousands of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons that are often unprotected, insufficiently maintained, or poorly secured. Indeed, a mere 38% of Russian nuclear material had been protected by 2003, according to a recent report from the General Accounting Office. In order for the United States to prevent weapons of mass destruction from falling into the hands of terrorists, we must continue our efforts to safeguard or destroy these weapons.
Soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the State Department played a major role in the development of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat-Reduction (CTR) program, a federal program credited with the destruction or securing of over 6,000 Russian nuclear warheads ("Conversion of Soviet Weapons"). Since then, the American Foreign Service has continued to have a critical role in this endeavor. The challenge of securing Russian weapons of mass destruction requires a joint effort by both nations. For example, the State Department has worked with the governments of the former Soviet States as part of its Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance Program to write and implement new, wide-ranging export laws and provide cooperation and support for enforcement of the laws already in existence ("EXBS Program"). Other examples of CTR efforts include those in the 1990s by the State Department's Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund to facilitate cooperation between the Department of Energy and the Russian Kurachatov Institute to research the feasibility of converting Russian plutonium reactors into solely-power generation plants, and to establish a website jointly with the Russian Center on Export Controls for Russia's military-industrial complex regarding, among other things, customs laws and the export procedure regarding dual-use materials ("Internet Site for Exporters").
In addition, the American Foreign Service has tried to gain information from the governments of Russia and the other former Soviet republics that possessed weapons of mass destruction, and to develop programs based on that information. The Foreign Service convinced the G-8 nations to help fund and support CTR (Moltz). The State Department has worked with Congress to increase funding of the CTR programs, succeeding recently with President Bush's authorization of $150 million to build a facility for destroying chemical weapons in Russia (Eisler).
Another important facet of the problem involves the ex-Soviet weapons scientists, many of whom are unemployed. The Foreign Service has worked with the Russian government to develop programs to retrain these researchers (Joffe). One example is the venture between Numotech, an American medical firm, and Spektr-Conversion, a Russian company, to employ Russian ex-scientists to make medical supplies ("Joint Russian-US Nuclear Cities"). The State Department also coordinates American involvement in the International Science & Technology Center (ISTC), an international organization that solicits grant proposals from Russian WMD scientists. The ISTC provides the scientists with market-competitive salaries to work on non-WMD related projects like the environment or fusion reactors, rather than on nuclear programs of other nations (Russia: ISTC). Congress has also authorized the State Department to receive funding for the support and coordination of other similar programs for these scientists, such as the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STUC) and the Redirection of Biotechnical Scientists Program (Congressional Research Service).
The work of the American Foreign Service is not complete. A recent GAO report on the subject was subtitled "Additional Russian Cooperation Needed to Facilitate U.S. Efforts to Improve Security at Russian Sites" (General Accounting Office). In this report, Russia is estimated to have 600 metric tons of nuclear material, but the United States is being slowed by a lack of access to the sites (Ibid). Negotiations by the State Department in conjunction with the Department of Energy are vital for securing this access. A 2003 report by a group of think tanks agrees with the conclusions of the GAO, saying that "Building a better international relationship with Russia would help reduce the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union and its erstwhile republics…" ("Plan for Dealing with Soviet Weapons") It is only through the ongoing work of the American Foreign Service to foster cooperative relationships with Russia and other nations that the goal of securing weapons of mass destruction and preventing them from falling into the hands of terrorists can be achieved.
Works Cited
1. Congressional Research Service. Federation of American Scientists. Preventing Proliferation of Biological Weapons: U.S. Assistance to Former Soviet States. 10 April 2002. 29 February 2004
2. Conversion of Soviet Weapons of Mass Destruction. 19 Dec. 2003 . Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat-Reduction Program. 26 January 2004.
3. "Core Converstion: Nuclear Reactors." Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund. 13 Sept. 1995. U.S. Department of State. 29 February 2004
4. General Accounting Office. Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Additional Russian Cooperation Needed to Facilitate U.S. Efforts to Improve Security at Russian Sites. 24 March 2003. 26 January 2004
5. Eisler, Peter. "Bush frees cash to secure Soviet arms U.S. wants to stop foes from getting weapons." USA Today 14 January 2003. Johnson's Russia List, Center for Defense Information. 16 January 2004
6. "EXBS Program: Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance, The."U.S. Department of State. 2003. United States Department of State. 29 February 2004
7. "Internet Site for Exporters." Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund. 05 March 1997. U.S. Department of State. 29 February 2004
8. Joffe, A.H. "Environmental Security and the Consequences of WMD Production: An Emerging International Issue" Disarmament Diplomacy 54 (Feb. 2001). 26 January 2004
9. "Joint U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cities Venture Launched." Arms Control Today 33. 10 (Dec. 2003). 26 January 2004
10. Moltz, James Clay. "Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Europe and on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations of the U.S. House of Representatives." 14 May 2003. Center for Nonproliferation Studies. 26 January 2004
11. "Plan for dealing with Soviet weapons legacy announced." CNN. 20 January 2003. 26 January 2004
12. Russia: International Science & Technology Center (ISTC). 2003. Nuclear Threat Initiative. 29 Feb.2004
Virginia, USA
For over fifty years, the focal point of American foreign policy was our relationship with the Soviet Union. United States actions in most key areas centered on countering the Soviets. Priorities have changed dramatically as a result of the fall of the iron curtain and the events of September 11th. The attention of the American Foreign Service has shifted to fighting terrorism, and the Middle East has received increased attention. However, America continues to have a major interest in an issue left over from the Cold War-era: the control of weapons of mass destruction. Russia and the former Soviet states have tens of thousands of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons that are often unprotected, insufficiently maintained, or poorly secured. Indeed, a mere 38% of Russian nuclear material had been protected by 2003, according to a recent report from the General Accounting Office. In order for the United States to prevent weapons of mass destruction from falling into the hands of terrorists, we must continue our efforts to safeguard or destroy these weapons.
Soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the State Department played a major role in the development of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat-Reduction (CTR) program, a federal program credited with the destruction or securing of over 6,000 Russian nuclear warheads ("Conversion of Soviet Weapons"). Since then, the American Foreign Service has continued to have a critical role in this endeavor. The challenge of securing Russian weapons of mass destruction requires a joint effort by both nations. For example, the State Department has worked with the governments of the former Soviet States as part of its Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance Program to write and implement new, wide-ranging export laws and provide cooperation and support for enforcement of the laws already in existence ("EXBS Program"). Other examples of CTR efforts include those in the 1990s by the State Department's Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund to facilitate cooperation between the Department of Energy and the Russian Kurachatov Institute to research the feasibility of converting Russian plutonium reactors into solely-power generation plants, and to establish a website jointly with the Russian Center on Export Controls for Russia's military-industrial complex regarding, among other things, customs laws and the export procedure regarding dual-use materials ("Internet Site for Exporters").
In addition, the American Foreign Service has tried to gain information from the governments of Russia and the other former Soviet republics that possessed weapons of mass destruction, and to develop programs based on that information. The Foreign Service convinced the G-8 nations to help fund and support CTR (Moltz). The State Department has worked with Congress to increase funding of the CTR programs, succeeding recently with President Bush's authorization of $150 million to build a facility for destroying chemical weapons in Russia (Eisler).
Another important facet of the problem involves the ex-Soviet weapons scientists, many of whom are unemployed. The Foreign Service has worked with the Russian government to develop programs to retrain these researchers (Joffe). One example is the venture between Numotech, an American medical firm, and Spektr-Conversion, a Russian company, to employ Russian ex-scientists to make medical supplies ("Joint Russian-US Nuclear Cities"). The State Department also coordinates American involvement in the International Science & Technology Center (ISTC), an international organization that solicits grant proposals from Russian WMD scientists. The ISTC provides the scientists with market-competitive salaries to work on non-WMD related projects like the environment or fusion reactors, rather than on nuclear programs of other nations (Russia: ISTC). Congress has also authorized the State Department to receive funding for the support and coordination of other similar programs for these scientists, such as the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STUC) and the Redirection of Biotechnical Scientists Program (Congressional Research Service).
The work of the American Foreign Service is not complete. A recent GAO report on the subject was subtitled "Additional Russian Cooperation Needed to Facilitate U.S. Efforts to Improve Security at Russian Sites" (General Accounting Office). In this report, Russia is estimated to have 600 metric tons of nuclear material, but the United States is being slowed by a lack of access to the sites (Ibid). Negotiations by the State Department in conjunction with the Department of Energy are vital for securing this access. A 2003 report by a group of think tanks agrees with the conclusions of the GAO, saying that "Building a better international relationship with Russia would help reduce the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union and its erstwhile republics…" ("Plan for Dealing with Soviet Weapons") It is only through the ongoing work of the American Foreign Service to foster cooperative relationships with Russia and other nations that the goal of securing weapons of mass destruction and preventing them from falling into the hands of terrorists can be achieved.
Works Cited
1. Congressional Research Service. Federation of American Scientists. Preventing Proliferation of Biological Weapons: U.S. Assistance to Former Soviet States. 10 April 2002. 29 February 2004
2. Conversion of Soviet Weapons of Mass Destruction. 19 Dec. 2003 . Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat-Reduction Program. 26 January 2004.
3. "Core Converstion: Nuclear Reactors." Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund. 13 Sept. 1995. U.S. Department of State. 29 February 2004
4. General Accounting Office. Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Additional Russian Cooperation Needed to Facilitate U.S. Efforts to Improve Security at Russian Sites. 24 March 2003. 26 January 2004
5. Eisler, Peter. "Bush frees cash to secure Soviet arms U.S. wants to stop foes from getting weapons." USA Today 14 January 2003. Johnson's Russia List, Center for Defense Information. 16 January 2004
6. "EXBS Program: Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance, The."U.S. Department of State. 2003. United States Department of State. 29 February 2004
7. "Internet Site for Exporters." Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund. 05 March 1997. U.S. Department of State. 29 February 2004
8. Joffe, A.H. "Environmental Security and the Consequences of WMD Production: An Emerging International Issue" Disarmament Diplomacy 54 (Feb. 2001). 26 January 2004
9. "Joint U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cities Venture Launched." Arms Control Today 33. 10 (Dec. 2003). 26 January 2004
10. Moltz, James Clay. "Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Europe and on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations of the U.S. House of Representatives." 14 May 2003. Center for Nonproliferation Studies. 26 January 2004
11. "Plan for dealing with Soviet weapons legacy announced." CNN. 20 January 2003. 26 January 2004
12. Russia: International Science & Technology Center (ISTC). 2003. Nuclear Threat Initiative. 29 Feb.2004
20100131
Battle Against Human Trafficking
By Alison M. Noll
Tustin, CA
The trafficking of human beings for slave labor and sexual exploitation is one of the fastest growing global problems. It has been called the "dark side of globalization" because an enormous upsurge of human enslavement has accompanied a border-free world economy (Miller). Trafficking in persons is a transnational crime that touches people in every nation, and even neighborhoods in this country. The vast reach of human trafficking stunned my own community, when we learned that a 12-year-old Egyptian girl was imprisoned as a domestic slave in the garage of a family home in Irvine, California. Like many victims of trafficking, she was sold by impoverished parents and transported illegally across international borders. While in captivity, she was physically abused, called the "The Stupid Girl", and threatened if she should attempt escape (U.S. Immigration). This young girl is just one of an estimated 2-4 million girls who are globally trafficked every year (Clark).
The United States Government regards human trafficking as a form of modern-day slavery, a violation of fundamental human rights, and a threat to national and global security (Trafficking). In recent years, combating human trafficking has become a primary foreign policy objective of the United States Government. (Matar). To support this goal, Congress enacted The Trafficking Victims Protection Act in 2000 (P.L. 106-386), which directs the Foreign Service to work with other nations to address the international epidemic of human trafficking. Throughout the world, Foreign Service Officers ("FSO's") promote United States polices and programs to eliminate the trafficking in persons. They play a critical frontline role in an ongoing struggle to protect vulnerable people from being exploited.
The Foreign Service advances United States anti-trafficking policy by encouraging and persuading other governments to implement or strengthen their own policies to combat human trafficking. This is difficult because many governments are reluctant to admit the existence or extent of trafficking in their countries. Some have no laws that prohibit trafficking and punish traffickers, or programs to identify, rescue and rehabilitate victims. Others do not enforce existing laws or lack the resources to effectively combat trafficking. The most powerful tool the Foreign Service relies on to convince foreign governments to improve their efforts to end human trafficking is the annual Trafficking in Persons Report ("TIP Report"). The TIP Report, released by the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ("G/TIP Office"), details the extent of human trafficking in each country. It also suggests specific steps to combat trafficking. Countries that have not made sufficient efforts are placed on a Special Watch List, and given a period of time within which to commence action or risk the loss of United States aid (2004 Victims). Following release of the TIP Report, many governments are motivated to call upon FSO's for assistance in creating sustainable anti-trafficking strategies. Direct engagement with government officials allows FSO's in the field to share model legislation or suggest ways to strengthen existing laws. They work closely with host governments to develop culturally sensitive anti-trafficking awareness campaigns and victim rehabilitation programs.
Foreign Service efforts frequently lead to substantial achievements. For example, Japan, a major destination hub for human trafficking victims, was mortified to be the only developed country on the Tier 2 Watch List. Following release of the 2004 TIP Report, Japan engaged in "frank and candid discussions" with FSO's. As a result, Japan enacted legislation in February 2005 to prohibit human trafficking and protect victims, (Onishi). FSO's helped Bangladesh, a Tier 3 country, to formulate a "six-step work plan" that will significantly improve its anti-trafficking efforts (The Daily Star). Guyana, another Tier 3 country, commenced a dialogue with FSO's to consider how the United States could assist Guyana to take "measurable and concrete actions to combat the modern slave trade" (Stabroek June). In response, Guyana initiated an anti-trafficking public awareness campaign. Comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation is currently moving through the National Assembly, and the government has begun to arrest traffickers (Stabroek August 6 and 24).
The Foreign Service has also forged partnerships with international organizations and NGO's to enhance global anti-trafficking capabilities. Immediately after the tsunami disaster of December 2004, it was feared that traffickers would exploit the ensuing chaos and kidnap orphaned children for the human slave trade. Members of the Foreign Service at the G/TIP Office were in immediate "communication with non-governmental organizations on the ground in the affected areas"(Morse). Guidelines to minimize the risk of human trafficking were issued to officials and relief workers in the region, and included a recommendation to establish child identification registries. FSO's in the affected countries worked with NGO's to assist in the repatriation of kidnapped children and government officials were advised to increase "scrutiny at airports where children are traveling" (Ibid). In the months to come, the Foreign Service will continue to provide assistance to counter the continuing risk of child trafficking (Natsios).
The United States increasingly uses public diplomacy to raise international awareness of trafficking issues. FSO's reach out to local business groups, religious organizations, journalists, and people in isolated communities. In rural villages in Moldavia, footage of a national anti-trafficking conference was distributed to local televisions stations (Embassy Chisisnau). United States embassies host screenings of "Trading Women", a documentary about trafficking of women and children in the Mekong Delta, and distribute a brochure prepared by the State Department called "Be Smart, Be Safe..." on trafficking in women (Consulate Krakow).
Combating the brutal global epidemic of human trafficking is a daunting undertaking that requires persistence and the collaboration of all nations. Despite the enormity of the task, the committed work of the American Foreign Service has improved life for many of the world's most vulnerable people. While furthering the foreign policy objectives of the United States, their efforts support our national interests as well as our longstanding human rights ideals.
Works Cited
1. Clark, Michele A. YaleGlobal Online. "Human Trafficking Casts Shadow on Globalization". YaleGlobal, 23 April 2003.
http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=1448.
2. Consulate General of the United States, Krakow Poland. Programs and events 2004 Dec-13-2004. "Film on Trafficking in Women Presented to Polish NGOs"
http://krakow.usconsulate.gov/krakow/Bemsart.html.
3. Matar, Mohamed Y. "Monitoring the Status of Severe Forms of Trafficking in Foreign Countries: Sanctions Mandated Under the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act". Brown Journal of World Affairs. Summer / Fall 2003, Volume X, Issue 1.
http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive.cfm?targetpage=10.1.
4. Morse, Jane A. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. Global Issues "Few Reports of Increased Human Trafficking in Tsunami-hit Nations". 13 Jan 2005.
http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jan/13-996622.html.
5. Natsios, Andrew S, U.S. Agency for International Development Administrator. USAID Testimony. "Strategies for Relief and Reconstruction Assistance in Response to the Tsunami". Testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate. Washington D.C. February 10, 2005.
http://www.usaid.gov/press/speeches/2005/ty050210.html.
6. Onishi, Norimitsu, The New York Times International. February 16, 2005." Japan, Easygoing Till Now, Plans Sex Traffic Crackdown"
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/international/asia/16japan.html.
7. Stabroek News, June 16, 2004. "Guyana Faces US Sanctions Over Human Trafficking- 60 Days To Crack Down On Forced Prostitution And Take Other Steps".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article_general_news?id=8657802.
8. Stabroek News, August 6, 2004."Stiff Prison Terms For Trafficking In Persons - Bill Also Mandates Property Forfeiture, Witness Protection".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article?id=8661390.
9. Stabroek News August 24, 2004. "GHRA Hails Human Trafficking Bill- Warns Of Personnel Shortage In Monitoring".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article?id=8662844.
10. The Daily Star. August 11, 2004. "Human Trafficking Dhaka Disagrees With US Rating Recommends Status Be Upgraded".
http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/08/11/d4081101022.htm.
11. U.S. Department of State. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Fact Sheet: 'Recent Developments in U.S. Government Efforts to End Human Trafficking". February 5, 2004.
http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Feb/09-415385.html.
12. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. [Pub. L. No. 106-386].
13. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (H.R. 2620).
14. U.S. Department of State. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. "2004 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report".
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/.
15. Miller, John, Director, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. U.S. State Department. "Pathbreaking Strategies in the Global Fight Against Sex Trafficking," Washington, D.C., February 21, 2003.
http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/17870.htm
16. U. S. Embassy Chisisnau, Moldova.7 May 2004 "Excerpt From The Report "Supporting Human Rights And Democracy: The U.S. Record 2003-2004" Issued On May 17, 2004 Regarding Moldova".
http://www.usembassy.md/en-05172004.htm.
17. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. News Release. February 3, 2005. "Ice Investigation Leads To Involuntary Servitude Charges Against Irvine Couple For Holding Girl As Domestic Slave".
http://www.ice.gov/graphics/news/newsreleases/articles/slave020305.htm.
Tustin, CA
The trafficking of human beings for slave labor and sexual exploitation is one of the fastest growing global problems. It has been called the "dark side of globalization" because an enormous upsurge of human enslavement has accompanied a border-free world economy (Miller). Trafficking in persons is a transnational crime that touches people in every nation, and even neighborhoods in this country. The vast reach of human trafficking stunned my own community, when we learned that a 12-year-old Egyptian girl was imprisoned as a domestic slave in the garage of a family home in Irvine, California. Like many victims of trafficking, she was sold by impoverished parents and transported illegally across international borders. While in captivity, she was physically abused, called the "The Stupid Girl", and threatened if she should attempt escape (U.S. Immigration). This young girl is just one of an estimated 2-4 million girls who are globally trafficked every year (Clark).
The United States Government regards human trafficking as a form of modern-day slavery, a violation of fundamental human rights, and a threat to national and global security (Trafficking). In recent years, combating human trafficking has become a primary foreign policy objective of the United States Government. (Matar). To support this goal, Congress enacted The Trafficking Victims Protection Act in 2000 (P.L. 106-386), which directs the Foreign Service to work with other nations to address the international epidemic of human trafficking. Throughout the world, Foreign Service Officers ("FSO's") promote United States polices and programs to eliminate the trafficking in persons. They play a critical frontline role in an ongoing struggle to protect vulnerable people from being exploited.
The Foreign Service advances United States anti-trafficking policy by encouraging and persuading other governments to implement or strengthen their own policies to combat human trafficking. This is difficult because many governments are reluctant to admit the existence or extent of trafficking in their countries. Some have no laws that prohibit trafficking and punish traffickers, or programs to identify, rescue and rehabilitate victims. Others do not enforce existing laws or lack the resources to effectively combat trafficking. The most powerful tool the Foreign Service relies on to convince foreign governments to improve their efforts to end human trafficking is the annual Trafficking in Persons Report ("TIP Report"). The TIP Report, released by the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ("G/TIP Office"), details the extent of human trafficking in each country. It also suggests specific steps to combat trafficking. Countries that have not made sufficient efforts are placed on a Special Watch List, and given a period of time within which to commence action or risk the loss of United States aid (2004 Victims). Following release of the TIP Report, many governments are motivated to call upon FSO's for assistance in creating sustainable anti-trafficking strategies. Direct engagement with government officials allows FSO's in the field to share model legislation or suggest ways to strengthen existing laws. They work closely with host governments to develop culturally sensitive anti-trafficking awareness campaigns and victim rehabilitation programs.
Foreign Service efforts frequently lead to substantial achievements. For example, Japan, a major destination hub for human trafficking victims, was mortified to be the only developed country on the Tier 2 Watch List. Following release of the 2004 TIP Report, Japan engaged in "frank and candid discussions" with FSO's. As a result, Japan enacted legislation in February 2005 to prohibit human trafficking and protect victims, (Onishi). FSO's helped Bangladesh, a Tier 3 country, to formulate a "six-step work plan" that will significantly improve its anti-trafficking efforts (The Daily Star). Guyana, another Tier 3 country, commenced a dialogue with FSO's to consider how the United States could assist Guyana to take "measurable and concrete actions to combat the modern slave trade" (Stabroek June). In response, Guyana initiated an anti-trafficking public awareness campaign. Comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation is currently moving through the National Assembly, and the government has begun to arrest traffickers (Stabroek August 6 and 24).
The Foreign Service has also forged partnerships with international organizations and NGO's to enhance global anti-trafficking capabilities. Immediately after the tsunami disaster of December 2004, it was feared that traffickers would exploit the ensuing chaos and kidnap orphaned children for the human slave trade. Members of the Foreign Service at the G/TIP Office were in immediate "communication with non-governmental organizations on the ground in the affected areas"(Morse). Guidelines to minimize the risk of human trafficking were issued to officials and relief workers in the region, and included a recommendation to establish child identification registries. FSO's in the affected countries worked with NGO's to assist in the repatriation of kidnapped children and government officials were advised to increase "scrutiny at airports where children are traveling" (Ibid). In the months to come, the Foreign Service will continue to provide assistance to counter the continuing risk of child trafficking (Natsios).
The United States increasingly uses public diplomacy to raise international awareness of trafficking issues. FSO's reach out to local business groups, religious organizations, journalists, and people in isolated communities. In rural villages in Moldavia, footage of a national anti-trafficking conference was distributed to local televisions stations (Embassy Chisisnau). United States embassies host screenings of "Trading Women", a documentary about trafficking of women and children in the Mekong Delta, and distribute a brochure prepared by the State Department called "Be Smart, Be Safe..." on trafficking in women (Consulate Krakow).
Combating the brutal global epidemic of human trafficking is a daunting undertaking that requires persistence and the collaboration of all nations. Despite the enormity of the task, the committed work of the American Foreign Service has improved life for many of the world's most vulnerable people. While furthering the foreign policy objectives of the United States, their efforts support our national interests as well as our longstanding human rights ideals.
Works Cited
1. Clark, Michele A. YaleGlobal Online. "Human Trafficking Casts Shadow on Globalization". YaleGlobal, 23 April 2003.
http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=1448.
2. Consulate General of the United States, Krakow Poland. Programs and events 2004 Dec-13-2004. "Film on Trafficking in Women Presented to Polish NGOs"
http://krakow.usconsulate.gov/krakow/Bemsart.html.
3. Matar, Mohamed Y. "Monitoring the Status of Severe Forms of Trafficking in Foreign Countries: Sanctions Mandated Under the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act". Brown Journal of World Affairs. Summer / Fall 2003, Volume X, Issue 1.
http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive.cfm?targetpage=10.1.
4. Morse, Jane A. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. Global Issues "Few Reports of Increased Human Trafficking in Tsunami-hit Nations". 13 Jan 2005.
http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jan/13-996622.html.
5. Natsios, Andrew S, U.S. Agency for International Development Administrator. USAID Testimony. "Strategies for Relief and Reconstruction Assistance in Response to the Tsunami". Testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate. Washington D.C. February 10, 2005.
http://www.usaid.gov/press/speeches/2005/ty050210.html.
6. Onishi, Norimitsu, The New York Times International. February 16, 2005." Japan, Easygoing Till Now, Plans Sex Traffic Crackdown"
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/international/asia/16japan.html.
7. Stabroek News, June 16, 2004. "Guyana Faces US Sanctions Over Human Trafficking- 60 Days To Crack Down On Forced Prostitution And Take Other Steps".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article_general_news?id=8657802.
8. Stabroek News, August 6, 2004."Stiff Prison Terms For Trafficking In Persons - Bill Also Mandates Property Forfeiture, Witness Protection".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article?id=8661390.
9. Stabroek News August 24, 2004. "GHRA Hails Human Trafficking Bill- Warns Of Personnel Shortage In Monitoring".
http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article?id=8662844.
10. The Daily Star. August 11, 2004. "Human Trafficking Dhaka Disagrees With US Rating Recommends Status Be Upgraded".
http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/08/11/d4081101022.htm.
11. U.S. Department of State. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Fact Sheet: 'Recent Developments in U.S. Government Efforts to End Human Trafficking". February 5, 2004.
http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Feb/09-415385.html.
12. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. [Pub. L. No. 106-386].
13. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (H.R. 2620).
14. U.S. Department of State. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. "2004 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report".
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/.
15. Miller, John, Director, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. U.S. State Department. "Pathbreaking Strategies in the Global Fight Against Sex Trafficking," Washington, D.C., February 21, 2003.
http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/17870.htm
16. U. S. Embassy Chisisnau, Moldova.7 May 2004 "Excerpt From The Report "Supporting Human Rights And Democracy: The U.S. Record 2003-2004" Issued On May 17, 2004 Regarding Moldova".
http://www.usembassy.md/en-05172004.htm.
17. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. News Release. February 3, 2005. "Ice Investigation Leads To Involuntary Servitude Charges Against Irvine Couple For Holding Girl As Domestic Slave".
http://www.ice.gov/graphics/news/newsreleases/articles/slave020305.htm.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Posts
